[2024-feb-29] Sad news: Eric Layton aka Nocturnal Slacker aka vtel57 passed away on Feb 26th, shortly after hospitalization. He was one of our Wiki's most prominent admins. He will be missed.

Welcome to the Slackware Documentation Project

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zh:slackware:beginners_guide [2012/10/15 00:53 (UTC)] – 创建 poswordzh:slackware:beginners_guide [2020/12/23 08:57 (UTC)] (当前版本) – joyinglee
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-====== Configure your new Slackware System ======+====== 配置你新的Slackware ======
  
-We'll assume you've read [[slackware:install|the Installation Guide]], and you have a clean install of Slackware on your machine that you're happy with.+我们假设你已经读过[[zh:slackware:install|安装指南]]，并在电脑上装好完整的Slackware，并准备好开始一场快乐的旅程。
  
-This beginner's guide is meant to put you firmly on the Slackware path. If you installed Slackware for the first time, you may be daunted by the sight of the blinking cursor at a console login. Let this page guide you through the initial configuration of a freshly installed Slackware system.+此初学者索引将带你坚定的走上Slackware的道路。如果这是你第一次安装Slackware，不要被命令行的启动登陆页面给吓到。让这篇文章指引你初始化配置你全新安装的Slackware系统吧。
  
-Before we continue, it is important to realize that the Slackware package manager does not perform any dependency checks. If you are new to Slackware, then performing a full installation (with the possible exception of the [[slackbook:install#select|KDEI series]]) could prevent a lot of problems later on. \\ The official Slackware recommendation ((see the Slackware-HOWTO in the root of the DVD or CD1)) is "//If you have the disk space, we encourage you to do a full installation for best results//".+在继续之前，一定要记住Slackware的包管理器不会做任何的依赖检查。因此如果你是刚接触Slackware，安装全部(除了[[zh:slackbook:install#select|KDEI 系列]])可以避免许多后续可能出现的麻烦。 \\ Slackware的官方推荐((见DVD或CD1的根目录中的Slackware-HOWTO))是"//如果你有足够的硬盘空间，建议您使用完整安装以达到最佳的目标//"。
  
  
-====== Post Installation Overview ======+====== 快速安装预览 ======
    
-When Slackware starts for the first time after completing the installation and rebooting, you will notice that it boots to a console log in screen - not the graphical login screen you may expect from using other distributions. Do not let that discourage you. It is the first stage in a learning experience which will make you a //lot// more knowledgeable in Linux after as little as a few weeks.+当Slackware完成首次安装与重启之后，你会注意到系统启动到了命令行（控制台）的登陆页面 --不像其他发行版那样启动到一个图形登陆界面。不要被这一点所吓到。这就是学习Linux的第一课，接下来的短短几周会让你//更加//了解Linux系统。
  
-The installation did not offer to create a user account. At this stage, there is only the "''root''" account. You should remember the root password, which you set at the very end of the installation procedure. Login as "root" now - you will find yourself at a "**#**" console root-prompt.+安装过程并没有提供创建用户账户。此时只有 ''"root"'' 账户可用。你应该记得root的密码，是在安装过程的结尾时你自己设置的。用root（根）账户登陆--你会发现自己处于 "**#**" 的根权限命令行状态。
  
-So now what? The "''root''" user is not the account which you are going to use as a matter of routine. Root is meant for system maintenance and configuration, software upgrades and the like. \\ The first thing to do is create a fresh user account for yourself, without the root privileges. After that, it is time to start considering the installation of "[[howtos:hardware:proprietary_graphics_drivers|Proprietary Graphics Drivers]]" (if you own a Nvidia or Ati card), setting up a wireless network connection or starting a graphical desktop environment. There is a lot that you can do with Slackware! Let's start with the basics.+现在该干啥呢？ "''root''" 用户并不会成为你日常使用的帐号。Root意味着系统的维护与配置，软件的更新等等。\\ 你要做的第一件事是创建一个没有root权限的新用户。之后，你需要安装"[[zh:howtos:hardware:proprietary_graphics_drivers|非开源显卡驱动]]"（如果你使用的是Nvidia或Ati的显卡），设置无线网络连接或者启动图形化桌面环境。你可以使用Slackware做很多事情！让我们从最基本的开始。
  
  
-===== Create a User Account =====+===== 创建用户账户 =====
  
-The first thing you will need to do is create your own non-root user account. There are two ways you can do this, both from the console. The recommended way is to use Slackware's own interactive ''adduser'' script, thus: <code>+你要做的第一件事是为自己创建一个非root的用户账户。有两种方法，但都是用的命令行。推荐使用Slackware的交互命令 ''adduser'' ，比如： <code>
 # adduser # adduser
-</code> and follow the prompts. Read the [[slackbook:users|user management]] page for more detail on the ''adduser'' script. You can use the non-interactive  standard Linux program ''useradd'' too: <code>+</code> 然后根据提示走。更多关于 ''adduser'' 的信息，请阅读 [[slackbook:users|用户管理]] 页面。你也可以用非交互式的标准linux命令 ''useradd'' : <code>
 # useradd -m -g users -G wheel,floppy,audio,video,cdrom,plugdev,power,netdev,lp,scanner -s /bin/bash slacker # useradd -m -g users -G wheel,floppy,audio,video,cdrom,plugdev,power,netdev,lp,scanner -s /bin/bash slacker
-</code> Once that’s done you can log in to your user account. \\ Log out of the root account (type ''logout'' at the root prompt) and then login using the new account you just created. Now come the really interesting adventures!+</code> 完成上述后你就可以用你的用户账户登陆了。 \\ 登出现在的root帐号（在root提示符后输入 ''logout'' ），然后使用你刚才创建的帐号登陆。下面开始真正的旅行吧！
  
  
-===== Configure a Package Manager =====+===== 使用自己的语言 =====
  
-Now that you have Slackware running, you should consider spending a bit of time caring for your computer's good health. The software which was installed as part of the Slackware release you are running, may develop [[wp>Vulnerability_%28computing%29|vulnerabilities]] over time. When those vulnerabilities are critical to the health of your computer, then Slackware will usually publish a patched version of the software package. These patched packages are made available online (in the ''/patches'' directory of the release) and announced on the [[howtos:security:start|Slackware Security mailing list]].+Slackware的安装过程只提供英语，且电脑中的程序也是默认英语。如果你是非英语用户，想要使用汉语，可以查看这篇 "[[zh:slackware:localization|本土化:调整Slackware到你自己的语言]]"
  
-You have various options in order to keep your Slackware installation up-to-date. It's not advised to make the process of applying security updates fully automatic, but it is possible to do so using a cron job.+ 
 +===== 配置包管理器 ===== 
 + 
 +现在你已经有一个在运行的Slackware，你应当花点时间考虑电脑的安全问题。随着时间推移，Slackware预装的一些软件可能被发现安全漏洞而 [[wp>Vulnerability_%28computing%29|易遭攻击]] 。当被发现的漏洞可能危害您的电脑健康，Slackware通常会发布一个软件包的补丁。这些补丁包可以在网上下载（在发行版的 ''/patchs'' 文件夹里），并在[[zh:howtos:security:start|Slackware安全邮件列表]]中声明。 
 + 
 +你有好几种方法保持你的Slackware安装软件最新。不建议你使用全自动的方法保持安全更新，虽然使用cron（计划任务）可以做到这一点。
  
 ==== slackpkg ==== ==== slackpkg ====
  
-Your best option is to use [[slackware:slackpkg|slackpkg]], which is a package manager on top of Slackware's own [[slackbook:package_management|pkgtools]]. Before you can use ''slackpkg'' you will need to define an online mirror from which it will download updates to your computer.+最好的选择是使用[[zh:slackware:slackpkg|slackpkg]]，这是一个Slackware自己[[zh:slackbook:package_management|安装包工具]]中的包管理器。在你使用 ''slackpkg'' 之前你需要指定一个用来下载更新的网络镜像站。
  
-A list of available mirrors for your Slackware version can be found in this file:+网络镜像站的列表可以在这个文件中找到：
  
   /etc/slackpkg/mirrors   /etc/slackpkg/mirrors
  
-Open the file in a text editor such as ''nano'' or ''vi'' and uncomment __a single__ mirror URL. Make sure that the URL mentions the release number for the version of Slackware you are running! Also, pick a mirror which is close to you or of which you know it is fast. When you have done that, you need to initialize slackpkg's database by running <code># slackpkg update gpg+使用文本编辑器如''nano''或者''vi''打开并取消注释 __一条__ 镜像网址。确保你注释的镜像站包含你运行的Slackware版本！同时，选择接近你或者你认为比较快的镜像站。完成后，运行以下命令初始化包管理器的数据库： <code># slackpkg update gpg
 # slackpkg update</code> # slackpkg update</code>
  
-Note that package management is done as the "''root''" user!+注意，包管理是由''"root"''用户完成的！ 
 + 
 +你需要时不时的更新''slackpkg''数据库，特别是知道新版本发布的时候。更新完数据库就可以更新软件了。关于此工具的更多信息你可以查看[[zh:slackware:slackpkg|slackpkg]]。 
 + 
 +==== 使用slackpkg安装更新 ==== 
 + 
 +''slackpkg update''命令会连接到一个Slackware镜像站并更新本地已装软件的信息数据。这个命令不会//安装// 软件的更新！\\ 常用的更新软件的过程是这样的：<code> 
 +# slackpkg update 
 +# slackpkg install-new 
 +# slackpkg upgrade-all 
 +# slackpkg clean-system 
 +</code> "install-new"、"upgrade-all"和“clean-system”命令会在真正运行前给你列出将被操作的软件列表，这给你机会去选择/取消选择你不想更新的软件。\\ “clean-system”命令只是在你进行系统版本更新（如从14.1升级到14.2）时移除不是（或不再是）Slackware的版本核心有关的包。
  
-You will need to update the ''slackpkg'' database from time to time, when you learn about the availability of new patches for your distribution. After updating the database you can let it download and install the updates. Again, see the [[slackware:slackpkg|slackpkg]] page for guidelines about the use of this tool.+<note important>''slackpkg clean-system''命令会移除第三方提供的软件包！因此，必要时可以注意一下黑名单(''/etc/slackpkg/blacklist'')</note>
  
-==== Watching for Updated Packages ====+==== 留意软件更新 ====
  
-The Slackware Essentials book has a [[slackbook:tracking_updates|chapter about keeping up to date]]. It would be good if you read it now if you have not done so already.+Slackawre要点一书中有[[zh:slackbook:tracking_updates|保持软件的更新章节]]。如果你还没有读过，建议你读一读。
  
-  * One way to look out for updated packages (patches) is to subscribe yourself to the [[http://www.slackware.com/lists/|Slackware Security]] mailing list and act when you read about new patches.+  * 一种查询更新包（补丁）的方法是注册到[[http://www.slackware.com/lists/|Slackware安全]]的邮件订阅列表中，当你收到推送就可以开始更新了。
  
-  * Another way is to setup a script to check for updates once a day and make the script email you when updates are available.\\ For this to work you need to have sendmail configured (although it usually runs out of the box) and know how to create a cron job. And of course, have a script that does the work. \\ An example of such a script is [[http://www.slackware.com/~alien/tools/rsync_slackware_patches.sh|rsync_slackware_patches.sh]] which watches the Slackware ChangeLog.txt for updates. You download the script, edit it to use your favorite mirror server and make it executable so that it can be used in a cron job: <code>+  * 另一方法就是设置脚本去每天检查更新，有更新则使用邮件提醒。\\ 若想要这正常工作你应该配置好sendmail(通常这是开箱既用的)并知道如何设置cron任务。当然，你得有这样一个这样的脚本。\\ 一个例子脚本是[[http://www.slackware.com/~alien/tools/rsync_slackware_patches.sh|rsync_slackware_patches.sh]]，它监视Slackware的ChangeLog.txt文件来检测更新。你下载这个脚本，编辑它以使其用你最喜欢的镜像站，并使它成为一个cron任务：  <code>
 # wget http://www.slackware.com/~alien/tools/rsync_slackware_patches.sh -O /usr/local/bin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh # wget http://www.slackware.com/~alien/tools/rsync_slackware_patches.sh -O /usr/local/bin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh
 # chmod +x /usr/local/bin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh # chmod +x /usr/local/bin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh
-</code> The script uses a couple of defaults which you may want to change to suit your environment - such as the location where the script will download the patches to. \\ Simply run the script once, and see what it reports: <code>+</code> 为了更加适应你的环境，脚本中有一些你可能想修改的内容-比如脚本会把补丁下载到哪里。 \\ 先运行一下这个脚本，看看它会报告什么东西： <code>
 # /usr/local/bin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh # /usr/local/bin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh
 [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] Syncing patches for slackware version '13.37'. [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] Syncing patches for slackware version '13.37'.
 [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] Target directory /home/ftp/pub/Linux/Slackware/slackware-13.37/patches does not exist! [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] Target directory /home/ftp/pub/Linux/Slackware/slackware-13.37/patches does not exist!
 [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] Please create it first, and then re-run this script.                             [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] Please create it first, and then re-run this script.                            
-</code> \\ You notice that you will have to edit the script and define a local directory (//and create that directory too!//) for the script to use. When that is done, you should run the script once - for a first-time download of patches. \\ Then you can use cron to run the script once a day. For instance, schedule the script to run at 05:33 every day, and let it check for updates to the 64-bit version of Slackware-13.37. Open the crontab editor by typing <code>crontab -e</code> and then you add the following line to your cron table: <code> +</code> \\ 你会发现你必须编辑这个脚本，定义一个此脚本要用的文件夹(//当然也得创建这个文件夹//)。完成以后，你需要运行一下这个脚本-首次下载补丁。 \\ 然后你就可以以每天一次的频率使用cron运行这个脚本了。例如，想要这个脚本在每天的05:35运行一次，让它检查64位的Slackware-13.37的更新。通过以下命令打开crontab编辑器： <code>crontab -e</code> 添加以下内容到你的cron表中： <code> 
-33 5 * * *      /usr/local/sbin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh -q -r 13.37 -a x86_64 +33 5 * * *      /usr/local/bin/rsync_slackware_patches.sh -q -r 13.37 -a x86_64 
-</code> This command will be executed silently (meaning you will not get emailed) if no new patches are found. However when the script finds updates it will download them and email you the script's output. You will get an email like this: <code>+</code> 这个命令如果没有发现新的补丁，它将会安静的运行(意味着你不会收到邮件)。一旦脚本检查到了更新，它就会把输出用邮件发出去。你会收到类似这样的一封邮件： <code>
 [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] New patches have arrived for Slackware 13.37 (x86_64)! [rsync_slackware_patches.sh:] New patches have arrived for Slackware 13.37 (x86_64)!
  
行 79: 行 95:
 >   This is a bugfix release. >   This is a bugfix release.
 > +--------------------------+ > +--------------------------+
-</code> And then you know you have to update [[slackware:slackpkg|slackpkg]] and make it install the latest patches. This gives you control over your updates (you decide when you update) while being automatically warned about the availability of new patches (which will already have been downloaded for you).+</code> 这样你就知道需要更新 [[zh:slackware:slackpkg|slackpkg]] ，安装最新的补丁。在自动检查更新（同时给你下载下来了）的同时让你控制更新（你来决定什么时候更新）。
  
  
-===== Configure your Network =====+===== 配置网络 =====
  
-If you installed the network packages, then at the end of the Slackware installation, you will have been asked a couple of simple questions, like: +如果你选择安装了网络相关的包，在安装过程最后，你会被问几个问题，如： 
-  * do you use DHCP; +  * do you use DHCP;（你使用DHCP给你分配地址吗） 
-  * or else, what IP address do you want to use; +  * or else, what IP address do you want to use;（或者，你想要使用哪个IP地址） 
-  * what is your computer's hostname; +  * what is your computer's hostname;（你的电脑的主机名是啥） 
-  * do you have a (DNS) nameserver in the network? +  * do you have a (DNS) nameserver in the network?（你的网络中有DNS域名服务器吗？） 
-All of these questions have resulted in the setup of a few network related configuration files.+这些问题的回答会形成一些与网络有关的配置文件。
  
-  * ''/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf'' \\ This is where the details for your network interfaces go. Slackware's ''netconfig'' tool will only configure your ''eth0'' interface. If you have additional network interfaces, you can edit the file with a text editor such as ''nano'' or ''vi'' and add you configuration details. There is a man page for this: <code>man rc.inet1.conf</code> +  * ''/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf'' \\ 这里是你的网络接口的详细情况。Slackware的''netconfig''工具只会配置你的''eth0''接口。如果你有额外的网络接口，你可以使用文本编辑器如''nano''或''vi''来编辑以详细配置你的网络接口。这里有一个关于它的手册(man，mannual的缩写)： <code>man rc.inet1.conf</code> 
-  * ''/etc/resolv.conf'' \\ This is where your nameserver and domain search list are added. If you use DHCP then the DHCP client will update the file. If you use static IP addresses, then you are supposed to edit the file yourself. There is a man page for this: <code>man resolv.conf</code> +  * ''/etc/resolv.conf'' \\ 这是你的域名服务器（DNS）及域名服务器表。如果你使用DHCP，那么你的DHCP客户端会为你更新这个文件。如果你想手动指定IP地址，你就得自己编辑这个文件。同样有个手册： <code>man resolv.conf</code> 
-  * ''/etc/HOSTNAME'' \\ This is where your computer's hostname is defined. +  * ''/etc/HOSTNAME'' \\ 这里定义你的主机名。 
-  * ''/etc/hosts'' \\ This is where you will find a definition for your loopback interface which connects that to your hostname. You can add further hostname-to-IP-address mappings in this file if you do not use a DNS server or if you need specific mappings which the DNS server does not provide. There is a man page for this: <code>man hosts</code>+  * ''/etc/hosts'' \\ 这里面有连接到主机名的回环接口(loopback)的定义。如果你不使用DNS服务器，或者你想指定服务器中没有或不合适的解析，你可以添加域名-IP地址表进去。有个手册： <code>man hosts</code>
  
-If you want to read in more detail about how to configure your network, have a look at this online [[http://alien.slackbook.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:network|comprehensive guide to networking in Slackware]].+如该你想进一步了解如何配置网络，看看这个网页 [[http://alien.slackbook.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:network|Slackware网络配置综述]]。
  
-==== Traditional Network Configuration ====+==== 传统方式配置网络 ====
  
-=== Wired Network ===+=== 有线网 ===
  
-To configure your wired network interface ''eth0'', run (as root) <code>+想要配置 ''eth0'' 网络接口，（以root身份）运行 <code>
 # netconfig # netconfig
-</code> The same script which was run during the installation process.+</code> 安装过程就是调用了这个命令。
  
-<note important>''netconfig'' only deals with the wired connection for ''eth0''.</note>+<note important>''netconfig'' 只处理 ''eth0'' 的有线网络。 </note>
  
-On the assumption that you configured your wired connection with ''netconfig'', your network should be connected automatically without the need for any post-installation configuration.+假设你使用 ''netconfig''配置你的有线网络，安装后基本上就是全自动连接了。
  
-If you didn’t enter your network configuration details during installation, just run ''netconfig'' as root; then run <code>+如果安装过程你没有配置网络，以root的身份运行 ''netconfig''；然后运行<code>
 # /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 eth0_start # /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 eth0_start
-</code> and you should have a working network connection instantaneously.+</code> 你应该就可以连接到有线了。
  
-=== Wireless ===+=== 无线网 ===
  
-Most common wireless hardware is supported by Linux these days. You can search online if your wireless hardware is supported by 3rd parties that have written Linux drivers. If you want to know if your computer recognizes your wireless card, simply run <code>+如今，Linux已经支持大部分无线硬件了。你可以去网上看看第三方硬件驱动中有没有你的硬件。如果你想看看你的电脑有没有识别到你的无线网卡，以root的身份运行 <code>
 # iwconfig # iwconfig
-</code> as root. If that tool reports "//no wireless extensions//" for all your network interfaces then the kernel does not have a driver for your wireless card and you'll have to find one online.+</code> 如果它在所有接口都返回了 "//no wireless extensions//" （没有无线扩展），那么内核中没有你的无线网卡的驱动，去网上找找看吧。
  
-As with the wired network interfaces, your wireless card is traditionally configured in the file ''/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf''. You can read a lot more about it in this [[http://alien.slackbook.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:network#wireless_networks|wireless configuration guide]]. There is also the man page: <code>+检测到无线接口后，配置文件一般在 ''/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf'' 里。你可以在这里查看更多信息 [[http://alien.slackbook.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:network#wireless_networks|无线配置指南]]。本地手册： <code>
 # man rc.inet1.conf # man rc.inet1.conf
-</code> You will also need to take steps to include wireless security, whether WEP or WPA2. Unencrypted wireless connections are strongly discouraged. Note that WPA/WPA2 encryption is not configured just in ''/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf'', you will also need to edit ''/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf'' and add an encryption key there.+</code> 你还需要配置无线网络安全，如WEP或者WEP2。不推荐不加密的无线网，不安全。注意，WPA/WPA2加密不仅要配置 ''/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf''，也得在 ''/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf'' 里输入密码。
  
-Wireless encryption issues, in particular for WPA, can be hard to troubleshoot. Some basic troubleshooting steps are detailed in the [[http://alien.slackbook.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:network#wpa_debugging|above networking guide]], just in case you do not get your computer associated to the Access Point.+无线加密出问题的话，特别是WPA，比较麻烦。一些常见问题可以看 [[http://alien.slackbook.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:network#wpa_debugging|关于网络的指南]]，以防你的电脑真的连不上热点。
  
-==== Graphical Network Configuration Services ====+==== 图形界面配置网络 ====
  
-Slackware currently has some alternatives to configure and monitor your network connections. These install a daemon (aka a background service) which will allow you to switch between wired and wireless connections easily. That makes them perfectly suited for mobile users. They come with graphical configuration utilities and do not depend on the traditional Slackware configuration files - //in fact, those files will cause conflicts if they contain network configuration//. +Slackware现在有其他配置和查看网络连接的方法。那就是安装守护进程（或者称之为后台服务）来让你很容易的在有线和无线间切换。特别适合可移动设备的用户。它有图形界面且不依赖传统的配置文件 - //事实上，如果配置文件真的配置好了会和这玩意儿冲突//。 
-  * You will find [[http://wicd.net/|wicd]] in the //extra// section of the Slackware release tree (the word //extra// means that it is not part of the core distribution and will not have been installed as part of a full installation).\\ After installing the wicd package, you have to make its init script executable so that the network daemon automatically starts at boot: <code>+  * 在版本表中的 //extra// 选项中有 [[http://wicd.net/|wicd]] 项 ( //extra// （额外）意味着不是核心部分，在完整安装选项中不会被安装)。\\ 安装完wicd包后，你必须给初始化脚本运行的权限，以便在开机时自动开启守护进程： <code>
 # chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.wicd # chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.wicd
-</code> You can then configure your network using the graphical tool ''wicd-client'' or if you are running Slackware 14 you can use the KDE widget for wicd instead. For console lovers, there is also ''wicd-curses'' which offers the same configuration capabilities as the X-based counterparts. +</code> 你可以使用图形界面的 ''wicd-client'' 配置网络了，或者你如果运行的是Slackware 14你可以使用wicd的KDE微件（注：widget，百度百科称之为微件，类似桌面小插件）对于命令行爱好者，有  ''wicd-curses'' 提供X界面的配置方式。 
-  * Starting with Slackware 14, there is also [[http://projects.gnome.org/NetworkManager/|Networkmanager]]. It will be installed as part of a full install, but the network daemon will not be started by default. As with wicd, you have to make its init script executable: <code>+  * 自从Slackware 14之后，就有一个 [[http://projects.gnome.org/NetworkManager/|网络管理器]]。在完整安装时会被安装，但是守护进程不是默认开启的，使用wicd，你要给脚本运行权限： <code>
 # chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.networkmanager # chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.networkmanager
-</code> which will make NetworkManager start at boot. You will have to configure NetworkManager using an X-based graphical utility. \\ Slackware 14 includes a KDE widget for Networkmanager. If you are using another Desktop Environment like XFCE, you can install the Gnome network-manager-applet from [[http://slackbuilds.org/network/network-manager-applet/|SlackBuilds.org]]. +</code> 使网络管理器开机自启。你得使用X图形界面配置网络管理器。 \\ Slackware 14 包括了一个网络管理器的KDE微件。如果你使用其他桌面环境如XFCE，你可以从 [[http://slackbuilds.org/network/network-manager-applet/|SlackBuilds.org]] 安装Gnome network-manager-applet 
  
  
-===== Switch to a generic kernel =====+===== 切换到通用内核 =====
  
-It's recommended that you switch to Slackware's //generic// kernel. This is easy to do but there are a few steps to follow.+推荐你切换到Slackware的 //generic// 内核。这很简单，但也有以下这些步骤。
  
-<note tip>What is the difference between a "generic" kernel and the "huge" kernel which has been installed as the default kernel? \\ The "huge" kernel is essentially a kernel which has every hardware driver built in which you might need for a successful installation of your computer. Think of storage and (wired) network drivers, filesystem and encryption drivers and a lot more. All these built-in drivers result in a big kernel image (hence the name "huge"). When this kernel boots it will use up a lot your RAM (relatively speaking... with 1 GB of RAM you will not really be troubled by a few MB less RAM). \\ The "generic" kernel on the other hand, is a kernel which has virtually no drivers built in. All drivers will be loaded into RAM on demand. This will make your kernel's memory consumption lower and the boot process a bit faster. The smaller size allows for the use of an initial RAM disk or "initrd". An initial RAMdisk is required in certain configurations, like software RAID, or a fully encrypted hard drive.\\ For now, you need to remember that a "huge" kernel will not support an intial RAM disk, but the "generic" kernel will. We go for maximum flexibility and use a "generic" kernel.</note>+<note tip>"通用"（generic）内核和作为默认内核的"巨大"（huge）内核之间的区别是啥呢？ \\ "巨大"内核是为能够实现成功安装而特制的，包含每一种驱动程序的内核。它考虑到了储存、（有线）网络、文件系统、加密驱动等等。这些内置驱动导致了内核很大（这也是它名字的来因）。当内核启动后会占据许多RAM内存（当然，相对来说，有1G的RAM的话少几M的内存问题也不大） \\ "通用"内核不包含驱动，会按需加载驱动到内存，启动速度也会快一点。更小的占用意味着支持使用初始化内存盘（initial RAM disk）或者称 "initrd"。初始化内存盘在一些情况下是必须的，比如软件RAID（磁盘阵列），或者完全加密的硬盘。\\ 总之，"巨大"内核不支持初始化内存盘，"通用"内核支持。为了最大的灵活性，我们使用"通用"内核。</note>
  
-  * You will need to create an initial RAM disk ("//initrd//" for short). The //initrd// functions as a temporary root file system during the intial stage of the kernel booting,  and it helps get the actual root system mounted when your system boots. Run this, as root: <code>+  * 你必须创建初始化内存盘（简称"内存盘"？原文为英文缩写initrd）。内存盘作为内核启动阶段的临时的根文件系统，在启动阶段协助挂载真正的根文件系统。以root身份运行： <code>
 # /usr/share/mkinitrd/mkinitrd_command_generator.sh # /usr/share/mkinitrd/mkinitrd_command_generator.sh
-</code> This command will not actually //do// anything. It is informational only, and will output something like this - depending on your kernel version, your hardware configuration, the root filesystem you chose when you installed Slackware and so on: <code> +</code> 这条命令实际上 //啥也没干// 。它只是返回了如下一些信息 - 取决于内核版本，硬件状态，安装时的根文件系统选择等而变：  <code> 
-#                                                                                                                       +#                                                               Note that package management is done as the "''root''" user!                                                        
 # mkinitrd_command_generator.sh revision 1.45                                                                            # mkinitrd_command_generator.sh revision 1.45                                                                           
 # #
行 152: 行 168:
 # in case you require an initrd image to boot a kernel that does not # in case you require an initrd image to boot a kernel that does not
 # have support for your storage or root filesystem built in # have support for your storage or root filesystem built in
-# (such as the Slackware 'generic' kernels').+# (such as the Slackware 'generic' kernels').（如果你需要内核启动时的初始化镜像，以防你使用未内置对你的储存或根文件系统支持的内核（如'通用'内核），这个脚本会为你推荐对应的命令）
 # A suitable 'mkinitrd' command will be: # A suitable 'mkinitrd' command will be:
  
 mkinitrd -c -k 3.2.29 -f ext4 -r /dev/sdb2 -m usb-storage:ehci-hcd:usbhid:ohci-hcd:mbcache:jbd2:ext4 -u -o /boot/initrd.gz mkinitrd -c -k 3.2.29 -f ext4 -r /dev/sdb2 -m usb-storage:ehci-hcd:usbhid:ohci-hcd:mbcache:jbd2:ext4 -u -o /boot/initrd.gz
-</code> Run the script's suggested ''mkinitrd'' commandline (as root) to generate the ''initrd.gz'' image. +</code> 运行脚本推荐的 ''mkinitrd'' 命令 (以root用户的身份) 来生成 ''initrd.gz'' 镜像。 
-  * If you have installed LILO (the default bootloader of Slackware), then you will also need to make changes to its configuration file ''/etc/lilo.conf'' by adding a section to your Slackware entry as follows: <code>+  * 如果你安装了 LILO (Slackware的默认启动器), 你需要修改配置文件 ''/etc/lilo.conf'' 来添加正确的启动项： <code>
 image = /boot/vmlinuz-generic-3.2.29 image = /boot/vmlinuz-generic-3.2.29
   initrd = /boot/initrd.gz # add this line so that lilo sees initrd.gz   initrd = /boot/initrd.gz # add this line so that lilo sees initrd.gz
行 163: 行 179:
   label = Slackware   label = Slackware
   read-only   read-only
-</code> Actually, the "''mkinitrd_command_generator.sh''" script will show an example section which can be added to ''/etc/lilo.conf'' if you pass it the name of the generic kernel as an argument, like this: <code>+</code> 实际上，如果你把通用内核的名字作为参数传递给 "''mkinitrd_command_generator.sh''" 脚本，它还会返回一个可以添加到 ''/etc/lilo.conf'' 的样式示例： <code>
 # /usr/share/mkinitrd/mkinitrd_command_generator.sh -l /boot/vmlinuz-generic-3.2.29 # /usr/share/mkinitrd/mkinitrd_command_generator.sh -l /boot/vmlinuz-generic-3.2.29
-</code> Note that it is recommended to //add a new section// instead of editing the existing kernel image section. Assign a unique label to your new section. After reboot, LILO will give you two options: to boot into your freshly added generic kernel, or to boot into the failsafe huge kernel (of which you are certain that it will work). +</code> 推荐你 //添加新选项// 而不是在原来的选项上编辑。给你添的选项一个独特名字。重启后，LILO会给你两个选项：启动到新加的通用内核，或者启动到主打兼容的巨大内核（这东西依然是可用的）。 
-  * After making the changes to ''/etc/lilo.conf'' you have to save the file and then run <code> +  * 修改完 ''/etc/lilo.conf'' 后保存，然后运行 <code> 
 # lilo -v # lilo -v
-</code> to make your change permanent. Then, reboot.+</code> 来使改变生效。然后，重启。
  
 <note important> <note important>
-  * Have a look at ''mkinitrd'' manual page (''man mkinitrd'') for more information.  +  * 看看 ''mkinitrd'' 的手册页面 (''man mkinitrd'') 来获得更多信息。 
-  * If you use grub or another bootloader, then make changes which are applicable to the program you use. +  * 如果你使用grub或者其他的启动器，使用对应的修改方法。 
-  * If you try to use the generic kernel without creating an ''initrd.gz'', then booting will fail with a kernel panic.+  * 如果你使用通用内核却没有制作 ''initrd.gz''，启动时会内核报错。
 </note> </note>
  
  
-===== Start a Graphical Desktop Environment =====+===== 启动图形界面 =====
  
-==== Configure X If Required  ==== +==== 有需要的话配置X  ==== 
-[[http://x.org|X.Org]] is the X-Window framework used in Slackware. The X server will usually auto-detect your graphics card and load applicable drivers. If auto-detect does not work (X crashes on startup), you will need to create a file ''/etc/X11/xorg.conf'' and set the correct options for your graphics card and display resolution. You can use <code>+Slackware使用的是 [[http://x.org|X.Org]] 的X-Window框架。X服务会自动检测显卡并加载合适的驱动。如果自动检测没工作（X在启动时崩溃了），你就得编辑 ''/etc/X11/xorg.conf'' 来指定对应的显卡选项和分辨率。你可以使用 <code>
 # X -configure  # X -configure 
-</code> to generate a basic ''xorg.conf'' configuration file in your current directory. This file can then be customized and placed in the ''/etc/X11/'' directory. For a detailed overview of X configuration, check the ''xorg.conf'' manual page (''man xorg.conf'').+</code> 来在你当前目录下生成基础的 ''xorg.conf'' 配置文件。你可以继续修改，然后放到 ''/etc/X11/'' 文件夹。详细配置方法可查看X的手册，注意是 ''xorg.conf'' 的手册 (''man xorg.conf'')。
  
-==== Non-free Display Drivers ====+==== 非自由的显卡驱动 ====
  
-Many people use computers with a modern graphics card powered by a Nvidia or Ati GPU (graphics processing unit). The vendors of these high-performance graphics card offer non-free (proprietary binary-only) drivers for their cards. These binary-only drivers will boost your computer's graphical and in particular [[wp>OpenGL|OpenGL]] performance. If you own such a card you may want to read our Wiki article "[[slackware:amd_nvidia|Proprietary Graphics Drivers]]".+许多人使用英伟达（Nvidia）或超威（AMD）的显卡（图形处理器，GPU）。这些高性能显卡的供应商一般只提供非自由的驱动（可能只提供编译好的二进制文件）。这些驱动可能只在特定的 [[wp>OpenGL|OpenGL]] 驱动的软件中加速图像。如果你用的这样的卡，可以看看 "[[zh:slackware:amd_nvidia|有版权的显卡驱动]]".
  
-==== Choosing a Desktop Environment/Window Manager ====+==== 选择桌面环境/窗口管理器 ====
  
-To choose the [[slackware:window_manager|Window Manager]] or [[slackware:desktop_environment|Desktop Environment]] you wish to use, run the ''xwmconfig'' utility: <code>+想选择 [[zh:slackware:window_manager|窗口管理器]] 或 [[zh:slackware:desktop_environment|桌面环境]] ，运行 ''xwmconfig'' : <code>
 $ xwmconfig $ xwmconfig
-</code> and select one of the available options. Note that you can run the ''xwmconfig'' command as the ''root'' user which will set a global default for all users. By running the same command as your ordinary user account, you override that global default and pick your own. \\ After making your choice you can simply run <code>+</code> 选择其中的一个选项。注意你如果使用的是根用户运行 ''xwmconfig'' 将为所有用户设置。使用你自己的账户只为你自己设置。 \\ 选完后就可以运行 <code>
 $ startx $ startx
 </code> </code>
-Your preferred Desktop Environment or Window Manager will then start up.+你想要的桌面环境或者窗口管理器就启动了。
  
-==== Graphical Login ====+==== 图形界面登录 ====
  
-To start with a graphical login screen on boot instead of Slackware's default console login, change the default runlevel to 4. Edit the file ''/etc/inittab'' and change the line that looks like+想在启动后不进入命令行的登录，而是直接进入图形界面来登录，把默认运行级别调到4.编辑文件 ''/etc/inittab'' 找到这样一行
      id:3:initdefault:      id:3:initdefault:
-to+改成
      id:4:initdefault:      id:4:initdefault:
-Note the difference from other Linux distributions; many of those use runlevel 5 for their graphical login. In Slackware, runlevel 5 is identical to runlevel 3 (console boot).+注意，这与别的发行版本不同；其他很多是第5级为图形界面。而在Slackware中，5级和3级是等价的（也就是启动到命令行）。
          
-In the graphical runlevel, you will be greeted by one of the available display (login session) managers. Slackware will by default look for the availability of GDM (Gnome Display Manager), KDM (KDE Display Manager) and XDM (X Display Manager) - in that order. You can also install a third-party login manager like [[howtos:window_managers:slim|SliM]] but you will have to edit ''/etc/rc.d/rc.4'' and add a call to your new session manager all the way at the top.+在图形级别下，你会首先收到来自显示管理器的问候（要求你登录）。Slackware默认会寻找可用的GDM（Gnome显示管理器），KDM（KDE显示管理器）以及XDM（X显示管理器） - 按顺序找。你可以安装第三方登录管理器如 [[zh:howtos:window_managers:slim|SliM]] 但你必须编辑 ''/etc/rc.d/rc.4'' 来让它首先被搜寻。
  
-===== Further Exploration =====+===== 进一步探索 =====
  
-==== The Command Line ====+==== 命令行 ====
  
-It may be of interest to new Linux users to explore the command line a bit more before installing a graphical desktop, just to learn some shell commands and applications available in non-graphical mode. Slackware excels in having an abundance of command line programs for a wide range of tasks. \\ For instance, web browsing can be done with lynx or links, which are console based web browsers. You can listen to music (even network audio streams) on the console using audio players like moc, mpg123, ogg123.+在安装图形桌面前，你可以探索学习命令行，学习一些命令，以及一些软件的非图形界面状态。Slackware比较好的一点是它有许多的覆盖范围大的命令行软件。 \\ 例如，浏览网页可以用lynx或者links，是基于命令行的浏览器。你可以听歌（甚至网络音乐流媒体），播放器比如有moc、mpg123、ogg123。
  
-==== Mixing 64-bit with 32-bit ====+==== 32位和64位混用 ====
  
-If you just installed the 64-bit version of Slackware (often called //slackware64// or //Slackware for x86_64//) you will soon discover that it will refuse to run 32-bit programs like [[http://winehq.org|Wine]]. You may want to read our page on [[slackware:multilib|adding multilib capabilities]] in that case.+如果你安装了64位版本的Slackware (经常被称为 //slackware64// 或 //Slackware for x86_64//) 你会发现它拒绝运行一些像 [[http://winehq.org|Wine]]的32位软件。这种情况你可以阅读 [[zh:slackware:multilib|使用混合运行库]] 。
  
-==== Slackware Documentation ====+==== Slackware文档 ====
  
-Even a Slackware user can benefit from good documentation (why else are you reading this?). Our suggestion is that you browse this Wiki for additional tips and HOWTOs. And don't forget to check out the root directory of the Slackware DVD or CD1! You'll find Slackware's own main documentation there. Every text file there is worth a read.+Slackware用户也能从好的文档中受益良多（否则你也没耐心读到这了）我们建议你看这个Wiki来学习额外技巧与用法。同时别忘了看看Slackware的DVD或CD的根目录！你会发现Slackware的自己的手册。每个文档都值得一看。
  
-===== Upgrading the System =====+===== 升级系统 =====
  
-If you have been using Slackware for a while and want to upgrade to the next release once that becomes available, we have a nice [[howtos:start|HOWTO]] available here: [[howtos:slackware_admin:systemupgrade|Upgrading Slackware to a New Release]]+如果你在用Slackware发现新版本可用，我们有一个不错的 [[zh:howtos:start|指南]] 可以看看： [[zh:howtos:slackware_admin:systemupgrade|把你的Slackware升级到新版本]]
  
-When tracking [[slackware:current|current]], you should always read the latest ChangeLog.txt before upgrading the system, to see whether any additional steps are required to be performed before or after upgrading. For upgrades to a stable release, it is a good idea to read the ''UPGRADE.TXT'' and ''CHANGES_AND_HINTS.TXT'' files located on the CD/DVD or the official mirror.+当追寻 [[zh:slackware:current|当前版本]]，你一定要先看看 ChangeLog.txt ，看看升级前后是否有什么准备步骤。升级到稳定版，看看CD/DVD或官方镜像里的,  ''UPGRADE.TXT'' 和 ''CHANGES_AND_HINTS.TXT'' 是个好主意。
  
  
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